Catfish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catfish - Essay Example If Yaniv wanted to see the story through ethically, he would have dealt with her with â€Å"full disclosure† right from the start that he already know and that Meg was Angela. He has to make a full disclosure of his intention because his intention was to see the story through and Angela’s role transformed from being a prospective girlfriend to a subject of research, albeit in a journalistic sense. Instead, they put Angela in a situation where she has to lie about Meg and in a way, mocking her for all her lies (Joost and Schulman). Ethical investigators or researchers do not do that. They treat their subject with respect and does not hide facts that could demean the person of their subjects even if the subject initially lied. The best ethical or philosophical standard that can be applied in the situation is the ethical standard that researchers have to follow in conducting research that involves human beings. This ethical standard or philosophy of ethical research involv ing human beings are enunciated in National Institute of Health (NIH) guidelines for investigators involving human subjects that states they should follow the following philosophical principles; a. Respect for persons – meant that the subject of research which are persons should be treated as autonomous agents and persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to additional protections. In the case of Angela, they already know that she has psychological issues and they could have prevented from aggravating it by being truthful. b. Beneficence – persons are treated in an ethical manner not only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their well being. Such treatment falls under the principle of beneficience. To cover acts of kindness or charity that goes beyond strict oblication. c. Justice – requires that individuals and groups be treated fairly and equitably in terms of bearing the burdens and receiving t he benefits of research and this includes being truthful to the subject of research (NIH). With how Yaniv conducted his investigation to see the story through, the research became â€Å"stigmatizing† to the subject because letting Angela continue with her lie and later confronting it is in a way belittling or insulting her and such, considered unethical by investigators who follows the prescribed ethical standard in conducting research. 2. What is the significance of the film’s title, Catfish? Who is the â€Å"catfish† in the movie? Support your response with evidence from the film The film’s mirror’s our inner desire to be the person that we wanted to be. If we cannot be the ideal person that we wanted to be in our real lives, then at least we can have the satisfaction through another medium such as the internet. Angela admitted this when he was confronted by Yaniv that she made some mistakes in her life that made her feel not to be the person she wanted to be and Meg represented her ideal self. Angela was the catfish in the film because she fitted the description of of Vince when he talked to Yaniv about live cod that were shipped to Asia from North America. Catfish tend to have mushy flesh when they are inactive but when they placed together with other cods, they become active and do not emit the undesirable mushy flesh. Her life to a certain degree was inactive or dull and it only became exciting through the supposed

The Great Depression Essay Example for Free

The Great Depression Essay Tillie Olson’s semi-autobiographic story â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† focuses on a mother’s reminiscing of the decisions she’s made regarding her first child, Emily, and the resulting impact those decisions had on her daughter. The mother, also the narrator, paints a picture of guilt, resentment, and remorse toward her choices while raising Emily. Throughout the story, there’s several instances that point to the mother possibly being a victim of postpartum depression. Emily. Although the consequences of the mother’s choices have already taken effect, she can’t help but to think about what she could have done or what Emily could be if she’d made the â€Å"right† decisions, as deemed by then society’s standards. The setting takes place during a time of struggle and hopelessness in the United States, the Great Depression of the 1930’s. The birth of Emily, in this trying time, made for a much needed contrast to the sense of despair in the air. â€Å"She was a beautiful baby. The first and only one of our five that was beautiful at birth (312).† Here, it’s apparent the joy that every first-time mother has. This effervescent sentiment only lasts for eight months, though, when Emily’s father abandons his family. For a young mother living in those times, that is devastating. Being a single-parent mother in the 1930’s was unheard of and extremely taboo. She’d be seen as an outcast and a failure to her family. In her mind, the only option was to leave Emily to her ex-husband’s family, in order to make a better living herself and her daughter. Upon Emily’s return, at the tender age of two, the mother hardly recognizes her and sees her in a new light. The baby who was once beautiful is no longer. â€Å"I hardly knew her [†¦] All the baby loveliness gone (313).† The culmination of separation, as well as the angst and disappointment that she felt for Emily’s father has taken effect and is now transferred to her daughter. Everything about Emily, from her appearance to her walk, now reminded the mother of her estranged husband. That very moment reveals the reason behind Emily’s jaded life postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that begins after childbirth and usually lasts beyond six weeks. Occurring in 8%-20% of all new mothers, postpartum depressed women exhibit behavior that is neither healthy nor motherly, which in turn has an adverse effect on the child. These effects became more than apparent in Emily’s case. PPD would help to explain the narrator’s constant distancing herself from Emily and difference of treatment her daughter received compared to her other children. The narrator’s environment, economic standing, social status, and many other factors contributed to her developme nt of PPD. According to a study by Child Psychiatry and Human Development, children of postpartum depressed mothers have results showing a plethora of adverse outcomes relative to community sample children. Children whose mothers were diagnosed with PPD demonstrated lower ego-resiliency, lower peer social competence, and lower school adjustment (Doesum). These results heavily support the claim that the mother in â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† had severe PPD in Emily’s early stages of life. The mother acknowledges her daughter’s social awkwardness in a passage from the story. I am glad for that slow physical development that widened the difference between her and her contemporaries, though she suffered over it. She was too vulnerable for that terrible word of youthful competition, of preening and parading, of constant measuring yourself against every other, of envy, â€Å"If I had that copper hair, â€Å"If I had that skin†¦.† She tormented herself enough about not looking like the others, there was enough of the unsureness, the having to be conscious of words before you speak, the constant caringwhat are they thinking of me? Without having it all magnified by the merciless physical drives. (316). In addition to these findings, girls of postpartum depressed mothers show lower verbal intelligence (Doesum). â€Å"School was a worry to her. She was not glib or quick in a world where glibness and quickness were easily confused with ability to learn (315).† Emily, during her teens substituted in for her step-father while he was away at war, acting as the second parent to her siblings. She had to grow up quick and even as a child, she didn’t have much of a childhood. The mother admits that Emily’s aiding her at home may have had an influence in her shortcomings in school, stating, â€Å"There was so little time left at night after the kids were bedded down. She would struggle over booksâ₠¬ ¦ (317).† Surprisingly, daughters of mothers who had PPD were also rated as less externalizing by their mothers than girls in the community sample. One of the interpretations of this result may be a tendency among girls of depressed mothers to show more role reversal or â€Å"parentification,† in an effort to fulfill the parent’s need for comfort and care. An example of this is when a young Emily was sent to nursery school. She gravely disliked the nursery but she never outright expressed it to her mother. She would come up with excuses such as the teachers being sick in order to persuade her mother to let her stay home. Emily would feel pain on the inside and never externalize it to the outside world. Regarding the other children, the mother always describes them in a positive light and shows favoritism toward them compared to when Emily was their age. With her second daughter, Susan, the mother always chalks up in a highly favored fashion. â€Å"[†¦] Susan, golden- and curly-haired and chubby, quick and articulate and assured, everything in manner and appearance Emily was not (316).† Susan exemplified what it was to be the â€Å"it† girl during those times with her appearance as â€Å"a chubby blonde replica of Shirley Temple.† This created a tense feeling of envy and jealousy within Emily, according to the narrator. Even during the story, the narrator interrupts her monologue to announce that her youngest child, Ronnie, needs his diaper changed. Afterwards, she and he â€Å"sit for a while and I hold him, looking out over the city spread in charcoal with its soft aisles of light (316).† This, a scene that would never be depicted during Emily’s childhood. The only mention of her at that age is depiction of the mother picking up Emily from the babysitter at nights which was always met with an outbreak of tears and weeping, â€Å"a weeping I can hear yet.† She’s always look at Emily w ith an expression of tightness and worry. â€Å"You should smile more at Emily when you look at her (313),† a neighbor once said to her mother. Her less than motherly attitude to Emily is further exposed when she reveals that she’d let Emily be absent but is noticeably stricter with her siblings’ school attendance. These conclusions support the idea that Emily’s mother at one time had severe postpartum depression. A mothers feeling of self-confidence and self-efficacy is determined by many different factors including contextual characteristics such as social support, infant temperament, and maternal mental health. Defined, maternal self-confidence is the mothers perception of her own ability to take care of the child and to correctly interpret the childs signals. It governs adjustment to motherhood and is of great importance with respect to a positive mother–infant relationship (Doesum). The mother makes it clear throughout her retelling of Emily’s past that she doesn’t view h erself as a very good mother. She internally expresses her frustration with the way she raised Emily and the choices she’d made. Of course, motherhood doesn’t come with a handbook but she could have done some things differently. Ever since she was eight months old, Emily had continuously been neglected. Her father left her as a baby and as a result, her mother sent her off to live with his family for a while. Then, she was placed with a babysitter and later on dropped off at a nursery, then to a convalescent home. The narrator not once referenced to Emily having a best friend or a child over to play, at an age where forming relationships with peers is crucial. Even at the convalescent home, Emily had made a bond with another child, until her friend was immediately placed in another home. The establishment wouldn’t let children keep the letter they received in the mail from parents and had strict rules for visitation. This so called â€Å"home† established an â€Å"invisible wall† so to speak between visiting parents and the children above on the balcony (Frye). â€Å"They don’t like you to love anybody here,† explains Emily (315). It represents a separation Emily would feel for the rest of her life. All her life, Emily has invariably been pushed to the side and abandoned by the people whom she thought loved her or at least had her well-being in mind. Because of this, she became a lonely, isolated child. Even through her gift of mime, performing for high schools and colleges, Emily still felt isolated and alone. High levels of stress, low quality mother–infant interactions and insecure attachment early in a child’s life can adversely affect the development of the brain, which can have long-term consequences, for example for the child’s capacities to regulate emotions and cope with stress. Whenever Emily’s mother went out with her step-father, she couldn’t take it. She would open the door, thinking it might make her mother come back sooner and place the clock on the floor, claiming the clock â €Å"talked loud.† The clock is just one of many symbols in the story, representing the time mother and daughter never spent together and the separation between the two. The narrator is convinced that Emily is â€Å"[†¦] a child of her age, of depression, of war, of fear (318). As she reflects on her daughter’s life, she feels resentment, angst, and guilt yet she doesn’t let this consume her. She still has faith that her daughter will lead a different path and not have to go through the same painful struggles she faced as a lonely, 19-year-old, single mother during the Depression. Hardships turned her into what she is today, a strong and mature woman which is apparent due to her unbiased analysis of what she could have done better while raising Emily. The mother always heeded the advice of others and never herself as a first-time mother, always looking for validation through outside externalities. She corrected these mistakes with her subsequent children but by the time she realized it for Emily, it was too late. The damage has already been done. Although she may forever be reluctantly under the power of the iron, she wants Emily to be persuaded â€Å"[†¦] that she is more than this dress on the ironing board, helpless before the iron.† She has the capability to make something of herself, regardless of the way she grew up. Emily, at 19, has more opportunities than her mother had at the same age. That slight tinge of hope leads readers to interpret their own future for Emily, which she jokingly hints to through her budding talent for comedy by inferring that the human race will be atom-dead in a few years. She has a strong resource with her talent for pantomime that hopefully will foster as she grows older and gives her a chance to see what life is like outside of poverty. Emily is a survivor, through it all and has the ability and capacity to take life by the reigns, if she so chooses (Yahnke). Bibliography Doesum, Karin T. M., et al. Early School Outcomes for Children of Postpartum Depressed Mothers: Comparison with a Community Sample. Child Psychiatry and Human Development43.2 (2012): 201+. Academic OneFile. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. Frye, Joanne S. â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing’: Motherhood as Experience and Metaphor.† Studies in Short Fiction 18.3 (Summer 1981): 272-292. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed David L. Siegel Vol 11. Detroit: Gale Research, 1992. Literature Resource Center. Web 19 Mar 2012. Gerstenlauer, Jakob, et al. Effects of Postpartum Anxiety Disorders and Depression on Maternal Self-confidence. Infant Behavior and Development 35.2 (2012): 264+. Academic OneFile. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. Olsen, Tillie. â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing.† 1953. Portable Legacies 4th Edition. Schmidt, Jan, and Lynne Crockett, editors. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009. 312-318. Yahnke, Robert E. Magill. â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† Robert E. Magill’s Survey of American Literature, Revised Edition, September 2006, p1-1 Short Fiction (Work Analysis). Literary Reference Center. Web. 28 Mar 2012.

The Border Patrol State Essay -- Leslie Silko Illegal Drugs Smuggling

The Border Patrol State In â€Å"The Border Patrol State† Leslie Silko makes accusations of the border patrol’s mistreatment of American citizens of Mexican decent, making the argument with almost evidence. Silko, a critically acclaimed poet, sees the border patrol as a governmental assembly addicted to interrogation, torture, and the murder of those they see fit. Leslie Silko certainly makes accusations that some could argue far exceed the boundaries of journalism integrity, and fail to deliver with evidence to back them up. The author of this piece is a Mexican-American living in the Southwest United States. The author is using personal experience to convey a problem to his or her audience. The audience of this piece is quite broad. First and foremost, Mexican-Americans just like the author. People who can relate to what the author has to say, maybe someone who has experienced something similar. The author also seems to be seeking out an audience of white Americans who find themselves unaware of the problem at our borders. The author even offers up a warning to white America when she notes, â€Å"White people traveling with brown people, however, can expect to be stopped on suspicion they work with the sanctuary movement†(125). The purpose of this writing is to pull out a problem that is hidden within or society, and let people see it for what it is and isn’t. This topic is a problem, but it may not be all that it is said to be. Throughout this piece the author shows us what is wrong with system of keeping illegals out of our country. She opens talking of her cousin Bill Pratt, who she claims rode freely from New Mexico to Arizona without disturbances throughout the early 1900’s. From a story of freedom of the past, s... ...ontradicting herself, and pointing the finger. Although she most likely has experienced these acts of unjust treatment, she seems to put the reader in the position to doubt the credibility of what she has to say time and again. In wrapping up the analysis of Silko’s paper the reader is left with a bitter taste. Although Silko points out an important issue, she seems to be too overdramatic when telling of personal experience. Silko leaves the reader too skeptical of what she has to say. The reader has a hard time believing what they read. Silko finds refuge through her writing, but does not handle the subject with as much care as it is due. Silko’s evidence to not justify her accusations, and that hurts the credibility of the work. Works Cited: Silko, Leslie Marmon. (1994). "The Border Patrol State." The Nation, vol. 259, no. 12, October 17, pp. 412–416.

War Creates Social Division, Not Cohesion Essay -- Politics Sociology

War Creates Social Division, Not Cohesion In attempts to truthfully learn from our past and make progress towards a peaceful world with equality for all, the topic of war, and the effects of war, is an importance issue. Many people believe that war, although obviously destructive, does lead to social cohesion within the particular nation-state at war. The Senate of Canada defines social cohesion as the capacity of citizens living under different social or economic circumstances to live together in harmony, with a sense of mutual commitment. (Culturelink, par. 2) The idea that war leads to social cohesion is based upon the assumption that during a time of crisis, such as a war, people will come together out of the necessity to survive. This belief that the masses unite, neglecting prior dispositions towards one another while opposing a common enemy, has been fairly prominent throughout history. The Second World War, the Cold War, and the Gulf War will be used as examples to research the assumption that social cohesion is a re sult of warfare. I will argue that warfare, opposed to popular belief, causes large-scale discrimination, which in turn creates social division, not cohesion. Once an understanding of the discriminatory effects war causes is expressed, the backbone derived from the research is that we must valiantly oppose military action to uphold our freedom and equality for all, rather than trying to fight for freedom. Second World War The Japanese bombed the United States' Hawaiian naval base, Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941 and this began what we now know as the Second World War. The news swept the country by surprise, from that point forward the nation was shocked into a sort of social cohesion. "After the b... ... military action against another nation-state. Yet, since this is the result that occurs during war, we can no longer accept war as an option to settle discrepancies. When accounting for discrimination and looking at the long-term effects of war on a pluralistic society such as the United States, it is impossible to deny that these feelings of hate and fear for a particular race will not overlap onto that race existing in the United States. Any short-term division with real furry behind it, will not suddenly disappear when the war does. No, prejudices are learned traits. Learning is the acquisition of knowledge, and the presence of incorrect knowledge is ignorance. We can no longer accept ignorance as an outcome from war. Therefore, military build up must be stopped immediately and diplomatic measures must be taken in proliferating arms to stop war from reoccurring.

Eliot and Lawrence

T. S. Eliot and D. H. Lawrence – Compare and Contrast their Techniques and Themes T. S. Eliot and D. H. Lawrence, although they are both contemporary authors of Modernist period, express different values and techniques. They are both born in 1880s when the world enters the industrial age. While both witness the dynamic transition, they both criticize the modernity but in different methods. Two authors’ relations regarding techniques and themes would be analyzed by comparing Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915) and Lawrence’s two poem – How Beastly the Bourgeois is (1929) and Bavarian Gentians (1923).Eliot and Lawrence both display modernistic aspects. Modern middle class of England, so called Bourgeois is strongly criticized in Lawrence’s poem, How Beastly the Bourgeois is. The title itself clearly demonstrates Lawrence’s hostility towards bourgeois. The poem begins describing how bourgeois seem fancy outside. However, if he were let to be â€Å"faced with another man’s need, or to a bit of moral difficulty (11-12), he goes soggy like a wet meringue (13). He is all wormy and hollow inside just like an old mushroom.To Lawrence, bourgeois hold every aspect of cultural decay in the modern Western world. One of typical modernist tactic is to criticize modernity which includes the suddenly enhanced status of the middle class who lack corresponding intellectuals. Eliot also demonstrates Modernism. He was a key figure of Modernism and was so important a figure that the early Modernism era in 19th century is also called ‘The Age of Eliot’. In The Metaphysical Poets, written in 1915, he introduces his thoughts on what distinct features ‘Modern’ or ‘Metaphysical’ poets should use.Although his early poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is published prior to the book review, it also displays modernistic features. First of all, Prufrock, the speaker of the poem, is not going for ‘telos’. His utterances are not logically connected and thus fail to be accumulated into certain purpose. In this poem, his objective would be to declare his love as the title implies. However, all he does is to vision and revision (33). Constantly suggesting something bold but never do as so, he doesn’t move forward but always retreat. And indeed there will be timeTo wonder, ‘Do I dare? ’ and, ‘Do I dare? ’ Time to turn back and descend the stair, (37-39) His impotent feelings are shown in lines 39 as he descend the stair or as he uses the word ‘digress’ (66). He keeps inferring to ‘overwhelming question’ but it doesn’t lead to actions, which reminds of Bourgeois. Another similarity between Eliot and Lawrence’s poems is the coherent relationships between contents and structures. In Bavarian Gentians, gentians are compulsively modified by various embellishments. Bavarian gentians, big and dark, only dark arkening the daytime, torch-like, with the smoking blueness of Pluto's gloom, 5ribbed and torch-like, with their blaze of darkness spread blue down flattening into points, flattened under the sweep of white day torch-flower of the blue-smoking darkness, Pluto's dark-blue daze, black lamps from the halls of Dis, burning dark blue, giving off darkness, blue darkness, as Demeter's pale lamps give off light, 10lead me then, lead the way. (3-10) Words or phrases such as â€Å"big and dark, only dark and again darkening the daytime† qualifies gentians and those embellishments don’t stop until the line 6 before the main verb ‘sweep’.Compulsive embellishments start again after the main verb, and what the speaker does from line 3 to 10 is just to describe how dark and blue the gentians are. This strikingly repetitive structure helps expressing the desperate desire the speaker has for deadly vitality. Bavarian gentians itself contains vitali ty as the word ‘Bavarian’ infers. Also, its role is to lead the speaker to underworld where ultimate source of vitality seems to reside. Prufrock’s utterances are wordy and redundant as well. For instance, he uses triplets from line 122 to 124. Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare to eat a peach?I shall wear white flannel trousers, and walk upon the beach. I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. (122-124) Triplet is a powerful technique to finish because it lets reader to feel that something is completed. However, Prufrock could not insist temptation to add some more. Right after the triplet, he continues as if he murmurs, â€Å"I do not think they will sing to me† (125). This endless revision mars the effect of the triplet and even makes it redundant. Triplet turns out to be in vain and this structure strengthens Prufrock’s indecisive character, in accordance with contentsEliot and Lawrence are also both talented in using vivid and power ful images. In How Beastly the Bourgeois is, Lawrence borrowed the hollow and damp image of mushroom to describe Bourgeois. It starts â€Å"Nicely groomed like a mushroom† which gives some humor to the poem. In Bavarian Gentians, repetition of dark and blue makes strong impressions. The gentians are like dark torch â€Å"darkening the daytime† (4) and â€Å"their blaze of darkness† (5) assign unimaginable darkness to the gentians. The vivid and powerful images of gentians are so impressive that it remains long after the poem is finished.The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is also famous for shocking images, devised by Eliot’s attempt to achieve ‘sudden contrast’. When the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table (2-3) This striking juxtaposition leaves strong images. Evening, like a patient etherized upon a table presents a symbolic landscape where Prufrocks’ unfruitful floundering eventually ends to be drowned. Line 8 to 9 also shows Eliot’s brilliance. The lines â€Å"tedious argument / Of insidious intent† (8-9) successfully secure the effect by putting unexpected words joined together.Eliot deliberately polished his lines to give exactly this unusual feeling. Samuel Johnson, however, criticized this kind of juxtaposition. He first named them ‘metaphysical’ poet with negative connotation. Also, he diminished the effect by arguing that in metaphysical poetry â€Å"the most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together† (Samuel Johnson, Cowley). However, Eliot rebutted Johnson’s review in The Metaphysical Poets. The poet must become more and more comprehensive, more allusive, more indirect, in order to force, to dislocate if necessary, language into his meaning.Furthermore, he encourages that poetry should include heterogeneity of material compelled into unity only differ in degree. While both Eliot and Lawrence create powerful imag es, their concepts of image are very different. Lawrence claims â€Å"poetry must be spontaneous, flexible, alive, ‘direct utterance from the instant, whole man,’ and should express the â€Å"pulsating, carnal self† (The Poetry of the Present, 1919). His version of successful poetry should contain raw feeling of instinctual self. On the contrary, Eliot is strongly against dissociation of sense and sensibility.Therefore from Eliot’s point of view, Lawrence’s inclination toward sensibility is not desirable. In Eliot’s point of view, Lawrence could even be categorized as a romantic poet. It is because Lawrence’s trust in instinctive raw feeling might relate him to Romanticism where human’s individual feelings were though highly of. Eliot endeavors to deliver image by letting people â€Å"feel their thought as immediately as the odour of a rose† (Metaphysical poet). For him, thoughts do not conflict with feelings. They are r ather harmoniously joined together and produce memorable expressions.He used ‘allusion’ to achieve these effects. When classical literature is inserted as an allusion, a text is connected to another, enlarging the thought and feelings of the text. While Romanticism regards poets’ genius as important, Eliot regards classical texts as so. Meanwhile, Lawrence values poet’s genius above others as he tries to capture ecstatic moments of vitality through his vision as shown in Bavarian Gentians. Eliot might advise Lawrence to control his overwhelming passions and use classical literature instead, for old texts often possess depths which enlarge the meaning of poetries.For example, an epigraph attached to the Love Song alludes to Dante’s Inferno. Guido confesses his sins to Dante only because he thought Dante would not be able to escape from the inferno and infamy him. Guido’s utterance takes place because Guido presumes that his utterance would mea n nothing as if it has never existed. Prufrocks’s utterances are also facing ontological question. Unlike its title, love is neither ever achieved nor even declared. He confesses â€Å"It’s impossible just to say what I mean! † (104). His utterances fail without accomplishing any goal.Therefore, the epigraph arranged rich context in accordance with Prufrock’s situation. Although Lawrence might be related to Romanticism with regard to his trust in human instinct, he is not Romantic poet. Contrary to typical Romanticism which tends to be often criticized for its idealistic detachment, Lawrence sings the vitality of human instinct, closely related to reality. In Bavarian Gentians, the speaker does not fly away from reality but rather goes underground and face the reality of realities – death. Gentians’ dark and blue power guides the speaker to enter into the presence of Pluto.Were it not been for his desire for the essence of vitality, this bre vity to face death would not be possible. Lawrence â€Å"takes off his mask of persona unlike other romantic poets such as Wordsworth and Yeats† (J. Kim, Lawrence) and vigorously recites his raw feeling as it is. As Eliot pursues to â€Å"incorporate erudition into sensibility† (Metaphysical Poets), he would prefer Bavarian Gentians to How Beastly the Bourgeois is. While Lawrence exposes direct feeling in both poems, Bavarian Gentians uses myths of Persephone or Odysseus. and Persephone herself is but a voice r a darkness invisible enfolded in the deeper dark of the arms Plutonic, and pierced with the passion of dense gloom, among the splendor of torches of darkness, shedding darkness on the lost bride and her groom. (16-20) Persephone or ‘the lost bride and her groom’ could be seen as allusions as it strengthens both the images of life and death. Persephone, combined with his mother Demeter, symbolizes uncontrollable vitality of land. Within this context, it become more persuasive that the speaker does go underground searching for essence of vitality retained in death.Regardless of their different techniques and themes, Eliot and Lawrence deliver messages and images vibrating with energy. They are contemporary poets with critical minds. Each took different measures to depict problems but both proved to be effective. Eliot who went over to England in pursuit of ‘tradition’, he referenced other works of literature within his text. This technique, called ‘allusion’ enabled Eliot’s text to be equipped with richer context in which the texts could be more delicately understood.Lawrence, on the other hand, focused more on expressing innate vitality of human being just like a person who was passionate enough to elope with his lover. He created direct and vivid images. Ceaselessly correcting himself, Prufrock loses his momentum. Eliot shows alienated character without making any adjustments. He rather chooses to borrow classical literature to round Prufrock’s character. Lawrence, meanwhile, tries to solve the problem of his era by suggesting the power of vitality. He urges others to pursue the vital power to the end, even till one faces death, where the essence of the power could be found. (1835 words)

Functions of English Adjectives and Their Equivalents in Vietnamese Language Essays

Functions of English Adjectives and Their Equivalents in Vietnamese Language Essays Functions of English Adjectives and Their Equivalents in Vietnamese Language Paper Functions of English Adjectives and Their Equivalents in Vietnamese Language Paper such as the blind, the dead, the deaf, e. g. : The rich get richer and the poor get poorer. (1) This wing of the hospital is reserved for the critically ill. The British and the French do not always understand each other. (Examples from sites. google. om) In the example 1, it means that all rich people get richer and all poor people get poorer. The rich and the poor do not refer to Just one person or to a small group. They do not denote one person the rich man or the poor man. It often refer to a general word for human beings likes people. And, people is normally omitted and the use of the rich and the poor as heads of the noun phrases or without noun. According to researchers These adjectives functioning as nouns always have generic reference, do not inflect for number or the -s genitive, and require a singular verb. (sites. google. om) Type 2: Adjectives representing or substituting nouns (i. e. as pronouns). The noun heads in such sentences are omitted. It could be easily recog nized from context (usually in the receding clause); it can have specific or generic reference and be singular or plural e. g. : Do you prefer Irish coffee or Turkish (coffee)? We ordered mashed potatoes, but he served us boiled (potatoes). The red dress is prettier, but the green (dress) suits her better. (Examples from sites. google. com) c. Compound adjective: Compound adjective is a combination of two or more words and functions as an adjective. Compound adjective could be a word or words with the insertion of This depends of the style of the language users: One word Words with s Noun + Adjective snow-white (trng nhl_r tuy? ©t), knee-deep ( s? ¤u d? ©n d? ¤u g? ¶i), pitch-dark (t? ¶i den nhLr mVc), world-wide (khp th? © gidi), noteworthy (d? ¤ng ch Y) Noun + Past participle handmade (l? ¤m bng tay) ,moss-covered (b! ? ©u ph), lion-hearted (dung m? ¤nh nhLr scr tdr), heartbroken (dau long), homegrown (nh? ¤ tr? ¶ng), heart-warming (vui v? ©) Adverb + Adjective everlasting (vinh cdru), well-educated ( c? ¶ gi? ¤o duc t? ¶t),ill-bred = ill-educated ( v? ¶ gi? ¤o vc), newly-lit = newly-born (mdi sinh) Adjective + Adjective . blue-black (xanh den), white-hot (cVc n? ¶ng), red-hot (nong d), dark-brown (n? ¤u dam), worldly-wise (ttrng tri) Hyphenated adjectives (Tinh tlr k? ©p bng d? ¤u gech ngang) A four-year-old girl = The girl is four years old. A ten-store building = The building ha s ten stores. Adjective + Noun Long-eared : c? ¶ tai d? ¤i, Blue-eyed : c? ¶ mt xanh Adverb / Adjective + V + ing Good-looking (d? © nhin), bad-looking (kh? ¶ cot), nice-looking (Xinh xn), ill-smelling (mi kh? ¶ ngdn), slow-moving (di chuy? ©n chem) (From www. tienganh. com. vn) d. Adjective order: In English, people usually use more than one adjective before a noun † for example, an old square wooden table or Shes a small thin Canadian lady. When more than one adjective present at the same time, there is a rule to put them in a correct order, depending on their types. Look at the table to see basic types od adjectives the rule of orders for English adjectives: The basic types of adjectives Opinion An opinion adjective explains what you think about something (other people may not agree with you). For example: silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult Size A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or small something is. For example: large, tiny, enormous, little Age An age adjective tells you how young or old something or someone is. For example: ancient, new, young, old Shape A shape adjective describes the shape of something. For example: square, round, flat, rectangular Color A color adjective, of course, describes the color of something. For example: blue, pink, reddish, grey Origin An origin adjective describes where something comes from. For example: French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek Material A material adjective describes what something is made from. For example: wooden, metal, cotton, paper Purpose nd with -ing. For example: sleeping (as in sleeping bag), roasting (as in roasting tin) Some examples of adjective order silly young English man huge round metal bowl small red sleeping bag (From web2. vcs. uvic. ca) 1. What is an adjective in Vietnamese? As in English, Vietnamese adjectives describes characteristics, the nature of things, activities, status. According Nguy? ©n T? ¤i can (NgCr ph? ¤p Ti? ©ng Vlet, 2001) adjectives are words expressing characteristics about quality, property, color, smell, taste and relationship between noun and pronoun. For examples: xinh, v? ¤ng, thom, to , gii,.. . Semantics functions of Vietnameses adjectives: Stative and dynamic adjectives: In Vietnamese, there are also stative and dynamic adjectives. The stative adjectives often describe stative qualities such as x? ¤u, t? ¶t, b? ©n, dep, n? ¶ng, xanh, d? ¤i, h? ¶ng The dynamic adjectives have tendency to show state such as bu? ¶n, y? ©u, met, vui, henh phc 3. Syntactic functions of Vietnamese adjectives: a. Adjective-itself and adjective-not-itself: Categorizing adjectives in Vietnamese is different form some other language. There are usually some adjectives are played by other classes of words like nouns and erbs. For examples, cu? ©c s? ¶ng n? ¶ng th? ¶n in this phrase n? ¶ng th? ¶n could be seen as a noun or an adjective. Or in the phrase th? ¤i d? © ph? ¤n biet d? ¶i x, ph? ¤n biet d? ¶i xdr could be considered as a verb or an. According to L? © Dinh TLr, Vietnamese adjectives can be divided into two types: Adjective-itself (tinh tlr tg th? ¤n) Adjective-itself describes characteristic, color, size, shape, sound, taste, degree, volume of a person or a thing. For examples: Characteristics: t? ¶t, x? ¤u, sech, ban, dng, Sai, h? ©n nh? ¤t. Color: xanh, d, tim, v? ¤ng, x? ¤m, den, trng, n? ¤u. Size: cao, th? ¤p, ? ©ng, hep, d? ¤i, ngn, to, nh, b? ©, kh6ng lb, ti hon, mng, d? ¤y. Shape: vu? ¶ng, tr? ¶n, Cong, thng, quanh co. Sound: On, On ? ¤o, tr? ¤m, b6ng, vang. -Tasting/smell: thom, th? ¶i, h? ¶i, cay, n? ¶ng, ngqt, dng, Chua, tanh. Adjective-not-itself (tinh tlr kh? ¶ng tg th? ¤n) Adjective-not-itself are verbs and nouns used as an adjective. This type can be determined depending on the context. If these adjectives are separated from the co ntext, they are not adjectives. According to L? © Dinh TLr, when using noun and verb as adjectives, the word would bring out a little different mean from its original, usually more general. For example, h? ¤nh d? ©ng ? ¤n curdp h? ¤nh Ong means an act, action ? ¤n curdp means to rob The phrase refer to an act which is too bad, too serious that could be compared with robbing, not a real robbery. From Le Dinh Tus opinion, in Vietnamese, there two types of adjective-not-itself: * Adjective transformed from noun. For examples: c? ¶ng nh? ¤n (trong: vi xanh c? ¶ng nh? ¤n); nh? ¤ qu? © (trong: c? ¤ch s? ¶ng nh? ¤ qu? ©); cdra quy? ©n (trong: th? ¤i d? © cdra quy? ©n); st d? ¤ (trong: tr? ¤i tim st d? ¤); c? ¶n d? ¶ (trong: h? ¤nh Ong c? ¶n d? ¶). * Adjective transformed from verb. For examples: Chey l? ¤ng (trong: h? ¤i d? © Chey l? ¤ng); d kich (trong: tranh d kich); phn d? ¶i (trong: thur phn d? ¶i); bu? ¶ng th (trong: l? ¶i s? ¶ng bu? ¶ng th). b. Adjectives as noun phrase heads: In Vietnamese, adjective could be used as a noun: T? ¤n t? ¤t Ngurdi tan tat M? ¤u d Gi? ¤u Ngurdi gi? ¤u From the examples, we can see that an Vietnamese adjective functions as a noun when it is combined with an appropriate determiner (ngurdi, m? ¤u .. ). c. Compound adjective: According to L? © Dinh TLr, Vietnamese compound adjective could be established through these following ways: Combine an adjective with an adjective. For example: Xinh dep, cao ldn, to b? ©o, dng cay, ngay thng, mau ch? ¶ng, kh? ¶n ngoan, ngu d? ¤n. Combine an adjective with a noun. For example: m? ©o mieng, to gan, c(rng d? ¤u, c(rng c6, ngn ng? ¤y, v? ¤ng chanh Combine an adjective with a verb. For example: kh? ¶ hi? ©u, d? © chlu, chem hi? ©u, d? © cot, kh? ¶ n? ¶i. Reduplicate the original adjective, maybe the whole adjective or Just part of it. For example: den, tr? ¤ng trng, do d, v? ¤ng v? ¤ng, n? ¤u n? ¤u; sech s? ©, may mn, chem chep, nhanh nhen, dt d. d. Adjective order: The position of adjective in Vietnamese is more flexible. We can change the position mong adjectives without changing the meaning of the phrase. For example: C? ¤i b? ¤n m? ¤u den bng gd c? ¤i b? ¤n bng gd m? ¤u den C? ¤y thurdc d? ¤i m? ¤u trng bng nh? ¶m => cay thurdng bng nh? ¶m d? ¤i m? ¤u den There is no fixed principle for the order of adjectives in Vietnamese A Contrastive Analysis between English and Vietnamese Adjectives 1 . In terms of semantics: From the overview, we can see it is not much different between adjectives in English and Vietnamese in terms of semantics. They are all used to describe about quality, property, color, smell, taste and relationship between noun and pronoun. . In terms of syntactic: a. Attributive and predicative adjectives In general, both English adjectives and Vietnamese adjectives can function as attributive and predicative. For examples: Bn Ch l? ¤ sv k? ©t hqp ho? ¤n ho hai m? ¶n ? ¤n durqc y? ©u thich trong ma he: th! t nurdng v? ¤ salad (dura g? ¶p, rau s? ¶ng). Di? ©u d? ©c biet thu ht thvc kh? ¤ch kh? ¶ng chi tlr nhCmg vi nurdng ch thom ltrng tr? ©n b? ©p than m? ¤ c? ¶n nm d b? ¤t m_rdc ch? ¤m d? ©m d? ¤ Chua, cay, men, ngqt. (http://vnexpress. net/) In this example, ho? ¤n ho , thom ltrng, d? ¶m d? ¤ chua cay, men, ngqt function as a ttributive to the head noun sv k? ©t hqp, nhCmg vi nurdng ch, b? ¤t ncrdc ch? ¤m Another example: V! nh He Long l? ¤ noi IY turdng d? © tho? ¤t khi cu? ©c s? ¶ng ph? ¶ th! t? ¤p nap, chen chc d? ©n ng? ©p thd ngo? ¤i kia. In this case, IY turdng is a predicative to subject Ninh He Long. However, there are some differences. Attributive adjectives in English are put immediately before the noun and vice versa for the Vietnamese. For examples: C? ¶? ¤y l? ¤ m? ©t ngurdi phu nCrxinh dep. She is a beautiful lady. My teacher has black curly hair Th? ¤y t? ¶i c? ¶ m? ¤i toc xon den In order words, when translating from English to Vietnamese, functions of adjectives Vietnamese A red hat M? ¶t c? ¤i non d A wonderful movie M? ©t b? © phim tuyet vdi A romantic song M? ©t b? ¤i h? ¤t l? ¤ng men A very kind man M? ©t ngurdi d? ¤n Ong r? ¤t tdr t? © b. Adjective as a noun phrase head Both English and Vietnamese adjectives can function as a noun phrase head but there are differences between them. In English, for adjective to function as head of a noun phrase, it is usually combined with a determiner the (this is for the Type 1 only), as in Vietnamese, we can add an appropriate pre-modifier to the noun. Like all oun phrases, they can be subject, object, complement and complement of a preposition. For example: Those kinds of adjectives can denote plural and generic references, classes, categories or types of people. The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Ngurdi gi? ¤u ng? ¤y c? ¤ng gi? ¤u v? ¤ ngurdi ngh? ©o ng? ¤y c? ¤ng ngh? ©o Theres a widening disparity between the young and the old. C? ¶ m? ©t sv kh? ¤c biet ldn giCra ngurdi gi? ¤ v? ¤ ngurdi tr? © ( th? © he tr? ©) However, in English, these adjectives are restricted to denote plural and generic references, classes, categories or types of people. Therefore, the rich cannot denote one person. While, in Vietnamese, when expressing plural nouns, we must add the pre-modifier nhCmg nhCmg ngurdi gi? ¤ the old nhCmg ngurdi gi? ¤u the rich nhCmg ngurdi tan tat the disabled c. Compound adjectives Compound adjectives in English and Vietnamese are having nearly the same functions and forms. Both are a combination of an adjective with another class of word (even an adjective). There is one little difference is that English compound adjectives sometimes have a - between words. d. Adjective order Adjectives always function as attributive in both English and Vietnamese as mentioned above. However, their positions in a sentence are different. There are usually series of adjectives presenting at the same time to modify a noun. In English, the order of these adjective must be regulated by a fixed rule. purpose While, the order of Vietnamese adjectives is more flexible. In Vietnamese, adjective which appears near the head noun often plays the most important role. Look at these examples: A smart tall young Korean man M? ©t anh ch? ¤ng H? ¤n qu? ¶c tr? © cao to dep trai M? ©t anh ch? ¤ng tr? © H? ¤n Qu? ¶c dep trai cao to M? ©t anh ch? ¤ng dep trai H? ¤n Qu? ¶c tr? © cao to Implication For an English teacher, from the researcher, there are some aspect that could help in eaching English to Vietnamese student: Firstly, the order of adjectives In English and Vietnamese are different, therefore, students usually make mistake when translating the text. For example: M? ©t c? ¤i b? ¤n dt ti? ©n A table expensive. This is a common mistake among Vietnamese learners. Therefore, there must be more intention in this section. Secondly, there are many similarities between English adjectives and Vietnamese adjective, such as compound nouns, use age of adjective as a head of noun. Knowing this can facilitate the teaching process in the class. For example: eacher could give an equivalent word in Vietnamese compound to an English vocabulary while trying to explain the meaning of the word. Thirdly, the use of adjective as a noun might be new to many learners. They might confuse why red could be a noun and an adjective but rich or poor cannot, unless they are preceded by a determiner the. Teacher should pay more attention to this usage of adjective. For an English learner, when using an adjective, the order is very important. Mistaking this in communicating could be and embarrassing moment, and, learners should never translate to English directly from their first language. References Adjectives (gradable / non-gradable)(n. d. ). Retrieved from http:// learnenglish. ritishcouncil. org/en/grammar-reference/ad]ectives-gradable-non- gradable Adjective Order (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://web2. uvcs. uvic. ca/elc/ studyzone/410/grammar/adJord. htm Adjectives as noun phrase heads (n. d. ). Retrieved from https://sites. google. com/site/agrammaroferrors/l-l-the-noun-phrase/ 1-5 Albert, H. (2010). Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English Dictadv Series (8th ed. ) . Oxford: Oxford University Press Attributive and predicative adjectives (2012). Retrieved from http:// www. ingforum. com/forum/viewtopic. php? Retrieved from http://elearning. ccnu. edu. cn/ermsweb/libs/cwlib/%E8%AF%AD %E6%B3%95A/unit10/web/4. htm Compound adjectives (2009). Retrieved from http:// www. tienganh. com. vn/showthread. php? 26635-Compound-AdJectives L? ©, T. (2011 , February). Tinh tlr ti? ©ng Viet. Retrieved from http://ngnnghc. wordpress. com/tag/tinh-t Nguy? ©n, C. (1999). Ngcr ph? ¤p Ti? ©ng Viet. H? ¤ Net: NXB hoc Qu? ¶c Gta. V, N. (2013, June). Bn ch lot top 10 m? ¶n ngon ma h? © ca CNN. Retrieved from http://vnexpress. net/gl/xa-hoi/du-lich/2013/06/bun-cha-lot-top-10-mon-ngon-mua-he- cua-cnn/

Cultures are eroded by foreign cultural influences including media

Cultures are eroded by foreign cultural influences including media Culture erosion is all about a people’s culture getting washed away and forgotten while a new culture is being picked up and practiced by that group of people (Glassner 2005). To a large extent through time, the world realizes that some practices that are distinct to a group of people are dropped as time goes by and it is realized that, that same group of people gets to practice activities that they get exposed to.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultures are eroded by foreign cultural influences including media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To a large extent it can be said that the media has got a very big role that it plays in culture erosion, as a people get more exposed to the media, they get exposed to new lifestyles that are practiced elsewhere, they then get influenced by these new practices and in no time, a new culture will have been picked up and life will continue. This will result to the droppin g of one’s culture and a new culture will have taken over. Globalization is the main offspring of culture change and this is usually seen in the adoption of new cultures that are taken up the world over, the life styles of people through out the world have changed drastically due to adoption of new cultures. The ideas of acculturation are driving the world today because nothing in this evolving world will not stand and avoid change. Media, has got a great role that it has played in this, it is seen as a means of bringing the wide world together and therefore contributing to propelling new ideas and advancements the world over, for instance through media, a common music is propelled through out the world, hip hop music for example is attributed to some form of lifestyle, this as has basically played a role in the lives of young people who listen to this form of music. Transformation then will be seen taking place through this music and this brings in a culture that can be take n up around the world. Globalization through the media can be seen as a great influence on the psychological functioning of different individuals, this is solely seen through the issues of identity that engulf different individuals (Glassner 2005). The degree of a peoples open mindedness determines their psychological potentiality to change, this can practically be seen in the adolescents who are open to adventure and exploration and thus, their position guarantees that once exposed to other lifestyles and ideas outside their cultures then they easily take up what they come across. They have a strong attachment to the media and therefore whatever the media feeds them, and if they appear to agree to it, then, that will have been a lifestyle picked and embedded into their lives and this will automatically influence their lives in the years they will live. Thus their role in globalization is evidently significant.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if w e can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The global culture among the youth is increasingly on the rise (Ott 1989). Most of the blame is directed to the west where most of the influence comes from, the dwindling cultures of other places of the world, especially in the Muslim world is attribute to western cultures where the youth are seen to be copying what they re seeing happen in the west. Most youths the world over have got access to the internet and modern technologies which aid exchange of material in the shortest time, especially with the internet. Moral decadence is seen to have been greatly propelled by the media and internet whereby for instance sexually provoking material is available and can be reached in microseconds (Ott 1989). Premarital sex and early pregnancies are on an alarming increase as traditional set ups as sexual education is seen to be out dated, more especially in Africa where sex education was given during initiation. Unl ike in the past young women are getting career oriented ignoring the traditional position spelled out for them as house keepers and thus gender roles are seen to be changing on an alarming rate whereby everyone is seeking to be economically independent. There then arises the war of supremacy as both genders who seek to be independent (Kramsch 2008), this in conservative cultures is seen to be breaking family set ups especially in Africa and Asia. families are also broken as family members especially from rural areas move to urban areas to seek for employment, these kind of lifestyles can be greatly attributed to the west and they are getting adopted by the rest of the world more especially the third world regions. Identity confusion creeps in when adapting to changes becomes difficult, when the new cultures seem to be too much to take in and adapt, and their own cultures seem to be foreign to their current positions thus not fitting anywhere (Kramsch 2008). This eventually leads to denial of an individual or a society and eventually leading to long term psychological problems that will finally affect their off springs leading to a society being left behind culturally Foreign cultural influences and the media in the long run dictate the society’s life styles (Kramsch 2008), these are the determinants of globalization and there after making the world a common global village where its inhabitants have a common culture and way of living. Of course there will be loss of identity, but the media propels an identity that can be taken up by the current generation and the generations to come. In as much there are the negative effects of media in terms of cultural transformations, if focus is put on its benefit to the generations to come, then loss of cultures will not be an issue to be given much attention (Ott 1989).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultures are eroded by foreign cultural influences including media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore a culture, be it western or even indigenous African, Asian etc cultures, if looked at in a positive way, then there will be no problem as to which culture is superior than the other, and that change is inevitable, they are subject to change and acceptance by the peoples of the world. The media is therefore considered to be having a great influence on culture transformation (Glassner 2005). References Glassner, B. 2005. The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things: Crime, Drugs, Minorities, Teen Moms, Killer Kids, Mutant Microbes, Plane Crashes, Road Rage, So Much More. New York. Basic Books Kramsch, C. 2008. Language and Culture. Oxford. Oxford University Press Ott, S. 1989. The Organizational Culture Perspective. Pacific Grove, CA, Cole Publishing Company

Celebrate Elementary School Graduation

Celebrate Elementary School Graduation Elementary school graduation is a big deal. It celebrates all of the achievements your students have made thus far in school. Whether you call it graduation day, moving up day, or recognition day, this is a day to honor and celebrate your students moving on to middle school. Many school districts try and make this day special by holding graduation ceremonies to celebrate their students accomplishments. While this is a wonderful way to acknowledge students, their are other ways to recognize your students achievements, here are a few. Create a Journal Create a journal for each student in your class. This may take a little planning ahead of time but will definitely be worth it. Throughout the year have students write things they are thankful for, or what they want to accomplish by the end of the year. Also, ask their fellow classmates and teachers to write something nice about them. Then at the end of the school year, present them with their journals. Have a Parade A great way to recognize and honor your students moving up to the middle school is to have a parade. Students can make special t-shirts to wear and decorate the hallways. Moving Up Day Dance While dances are usually only in the middle and high school, they can be a fun way for elementary students to celebrate graduating. Plan a special dance for all of the students moving up to middle school and make sure to only play fast-paced, appropriate music! Create a Memory Photo Book Sites like Shutterfly make it very easy to create a photo book, and offer great deals on them, too. Make sure you take a lot of photographs throughout the year, so by the time your ready to create the photo book, you will have enough pictures. A Slideshow When you think of a slideshow you may think of the old school protector, but you can use the newest ​tech tools to achieve a flawless presentation that the students will not forget. The iPad and Smartboard are just two great examples of how you can achieve a great presentation of your students accomplishments. There are numerous apps, such as Proshow and Slideshow Builder that will allow you to create a great presentation for your class. Have a Field Day Plan a field day to celebrate students that are moving on to the middle school. Students can participate in fun activities, such as water balloon toss, relay races, and a baseball game. Have a School Picnic A picnic is the another fun way to celebrate your students achievements. Get out the school grill and have a cook-out, invite parents to join in, and ask students to wear the special graduation t-shirts they made. Give an Award Recognize academic achievement with an award. This can be done at the graduation ceremony. Reward your students with a special ceremony and give them certificates or trophies to recognize their academic achievements. Take an End of the Year Field Trip The best way to recognize all of your students well-deserved accomplishments is to take an end of the year  field trip. Some school districts have the funds for students to go as far as staying at a hotel for the night. If you are one of the those schools, you are very lucky. If you are not, then plan an end of the year field trip to a local amusement park where students can enjoy themselves. Buy a Student Gift Recognize students accomplishments with a gift. Fill a sand bucket with school supplies, bake a treat, give them a new book, or purchase a beach ball and write Hope you have a ball this summer.

Management & Budgetary Control and the Beyond Budgeting debate Essay

Management & Budgetary Control and the Beyond Budgeting debate - Essay Example During the recent years new ideas have emerged in the business world that challenge the traditional approach to budgeting and claim it not be fit for the current business environment as it is unable to fulfill the demands and requirements. It is both private and public sector that have adopted traditional approach to budgeting since very beginning and they find comfort in tradition even if it doesn’t suit the current business environment. The new ideas are revolutionary they compensate both future financial planning keeping in view non-financial factors that influence the performance and working of the organization (Moolchand, Narendra, & Koshina, 2012). Therefore this changing business world gives rise to the idea of â€Å"Beyond Budgeting† that provides a model beyond command and control towards a more adaptive, flexible and empowering model. Beyond Budgeting is being used to transform the performance potential of the organization it removes the shackles of annual bud get and at the same time allowing the employees to use their full power in the front line. Business environment especially in the past one decade has become much dynamic, complex, turbulent and uncertain. Adaptability is the greatest attribute that the organizations should possess in order to sustain in the market. Life cycles of the products have reduced with the continuous advancement in the technology innovation becomes a critical factor of success for the corporates. These details regarding the business and market environment signify that diversity along with flexibility is important for sustainable growth of the organization. It is not the organizations with huge capital and resources who can survive it is corporates that are adaptable would progress in future. Recent events in the business world raised the comments and the criticism over budgeting system that is in practice currently. It brings rigidity in the system, restricts movement and doesn’t limits

Tesco Plc Strategy Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tesco Plc Strategy Analysis - Coursework Example It also operates financial institutions as a joint venture with the royal Bank of Scotland (Data Monitor, 2004). Mullins (2010) says that a marketing strategy primarily focuses on effectively allocating and coordinating marketing resources and activities in order to accomplish firm’s objectives within a specific product market (Mullins & Walker, 2010). The critical issue that concerns the scope of a marketing strategy is specifying the target market(s) for a particular product or product line (Mullins & Walker, 2010). This is followed by the motivation to seek competitive advantage and synergy through a well-integrated program of marketing mix that is custom made to the needs and wants of potential customers in the market segment (Mullins & Walker, 2010). Michael Porter identifies three generic strategies and these include: the cost leadership strategy, the differentiation strategy and the focus strategy (Mullins & Walker, 2010). These strategies are based on strategic scope a nd strategic strength of a firm. The strategic scope is used to mean market penetration while strategic strength is used to mean the firm’s sustainable competitive advantage (Mullins & Walker, 2010). Tesco uses the cost leadership strategy in its operation. With this strategy a company aims at becoming the lowest-cost producer in the industry (Stephane, Girod, & Rugman, 2005). It is a strategy that is often associated with large-scale businesses that offer generally standard products that comprise of little differentiation and are perfectly acceptable to majority of the market customers. This strategy is aimed at gaining market share by cutting costs so that a firm can offer lower prices and in the process gain market share (Stephane, Girod, & Rugman, 2005). High volume is leveraged to create low costs by getting the best prices from suppliers and more efficiently utilizing fixed costs. In order for any company to use this strategy it must be cost conscious in every aspect of the business (Kim, Nam, & Stimpert, 2004). This strategy therefore is characterized by tight budgeting, elimination of waste and thin personnel staffing. Scholars agree that this strategy is often adopted when there are many providers, growth is flat and providers are trying to steal the market share from each other by lowering prices (Kim, Nam, & Stimpert, 2004). Last year in September Tesco began a new strategy where it began to put its focus on permanent low pricing as opposed to its previous specific price promotions. This was as a result of its losing a great percentage of its market share to its competitors such as Sainsbury, Asda and Wal-Mart (Poulter, 2011). Market segmentation refers to the process of dividing the total market for a product or service into groups with similar needs such that each group is likely to respond favorably to a specific marketing strategy (McDonald & Dunbar, 2004). There are many variables to which a market can be segmented and these include the following: behavioral, demographic, psychographic and geographic segmentation. Behavioral segmentation is a strategy based on customers’ needs and subsequent reaction to those needs or towards the purchase of intended product or services (McDonald & Dunbar, 2004). Demographic segmentation considers aspects such as age, gender, education, income, occupation, size of the family etc. psychographic segmentation is all about diving people according to their lifestyles and values and how

Statement of Purpose for Masters in Engineering Management Personal

Of Purpose for Masters in Engineering Management - Personal Statement Example Nevertheless, in the course of my life, I have been inspired by technology entrepreneurs such as Bill Gates of Microsoft, Steve Jobs of Apple and most recently Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook, and how they were able to come up with mind boggling, life changing inventions. Joel Barker’s said that, â€Å"Vision without action is merely a dream. Action without vision just passes the time. Vision with action can change the world!† These words are quite distinguishing and they are a hallmark of many entrepreneurs. They have kept ringing into my mind until today. An entrepreneur usually takes the initiative of bringing visions into actuality. I have desired to be one and from my various readings, I have discovered that present day entrepreneurs have used technology for furthering their ideas and bettering the lives of others. This is the reason why I decided long ago that I will study engineering and capitalized on every opportunity that I got which would further enhance my skill s in engineering. I concentrated on sciences in my high school education at Narayana Junior College-Board of Intermediate, AP-India and then later went to do a bachelor of technology at GVP College of Engineering-University JNTU, Kakinada, India. Though I did not get a very good score in my Bachelors, I have endeavored to not let that dampen my spirit and have made up by having industry exposure through working as a software developer for over one year and later on moved to a role of support analyst so as to better understand the production system. I am a firm believer in continuous learning especially during my various daily duties at my place of work. I am currently working as a Senior Systems Executive (Banking & Financial Services) at Cognizant Technology Solutions. This is another role that has exposed me to business support in wealth management space for clients. Whereas creativity, hard work and technological

Australian Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Australian Health Care - Essay Example All other duties such as cooking and housekeeping must be assigned to close relatives such as grandmothers or aunts or even paid help (The New Mother - Taking Care of Yourself after Birth). In such circumstances, home visits of an enrolled nurse assume importance for not only providing medical care but also to assist in maintaining hygienic environment so that the mother recovers health that she enjoyed in pre-pregnancy period. The purpose of home visits on ladies who preferred to leave hospitals early after delivery was to ensure these ladies continued to receive medical and hygienic care required by the human body after birth. The concept is not as easy as it appears. There are quite a bit of things to get accustomed to for an enrolled nurse. The child bearing women have their own families and peculiarities and the enrolled nurse must get accustomed to the needs of the woman as well as others in the family. The nurse may attend to the needs of the woman alone. However, she must have communications adjustments with others in the family. The most important decision for the mother is the baby. The emotional and physical well being of the mother is directly related to the good health of the newly born baby. This period involves many changes and learning. It involves both parents and the adjustments they go through to make the baby feel welcome. First of all, the family must be aware of the visits. ... This period involves many changes and learning. It involves both parents and the adjustments they go through to make the baby feel welcome. First of all, the family must be aware of the visits. They must be told of the time when they could expect the visit, and how many people would be making the visit. In case there is someone accompanying the nurse, the family must be informed. The visits are professional and concern the health of the mother and the baby. Thus, the nurse and her companion, if any, will naturally be treated with respect. On her part, the nurse must make sure that she visits the family at the appointed time. Any delay must be informed on phone. Not all child bearing women are healthy. There may be cases where women have chronic ailments. There may be women with diabetes, blood pressure complications, viral fevers, and other health issues. The chances of diabetic pregnant women getting abortion increase with the degree of risk. This is because the healing process for infection and other wounds is much slower than that of a normal person (Hanif, Sadia). Then there may be women with normal health but there are relatives in the house who have their own peculiar nature that may not correspond with the disposition of the nurse. Yet, in spite of these drawbacks, the enrolled nurse must perform the visits and attend the medical needs of the women. Postnatal, the medical care of the women who have delivered remains similar to patients who continue in the hospital. Most probably, budget constraints make the women decide to return home earlier. The enrolled nurse will also check on any material in the house that may pose a threat to the mother or baby, such as sharp

Civil War between 1848 to 1861 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Civil War between 1848 to 1861 - Essay Example The American civil war erupted in 1861, following the election of Abraham Lincoln; a republican who opposed slavery. There are major events, which took place between 1848 and 1861 leading to the war. One of the major events is the end of the Mexican war in 1848, which meant that America was to surrender the western territories. As a result, new territories became states and the congress passed the â€Å"Compromise of 1850† that made California free to decide whether it would allow slavery or not (Boritt, 1996 p9) Another factor that triggered the civil war was the passing of the fugitive slave act in 1850 to strengthen the compromises act. Under this act, a federal official who failed to arresta runaway slave was liable to fine. Many abolitionists criticized this act and they increased their efforts to fight against slavery.A book entitled Uncle Tom’s cabin, authored by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 is triggered the civil war. The book portrayed the evils of slavery and it changed the perception of northerners on the issue of slavery(McPherson, 1988 p11). The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854 was one of the issues that led to the civil war. This act gave Kansas and Nebraska the mandate to decide to continue with slavery or end it. As a result, there was violence in Kansas as the people who were opposed to slavery and the ones supporting it fought to control the state. This violence influenced the civil war to come. The Lecompton Constitution created in 1857 also caused the civil war. The constitution allowed Kansas to be free from slavery as most of the voters from the stated rejected it(Ray, 1990 p7). John Brown, an abolitionist together with seventeen others who included five black Americans, raided the Harper Ferry on October 1859. Their plan was to seize weapons and start an uprising against slavery. Unfortunately, they were

Australian Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Australian Health Care - Essay Example All other duties such as cooking and housekeeping must be assigned to close relatives such as grandmothers or aunts or even paid help (The New Mother - Taking Care of Yourself after Birth). In such circumstances, home visits of an enrolled nurse assume importance for not only providing medical care but also to assist in maintaining hygienic environment so that the mother recovers health that she enjoyed in pre-pregnancy period. The purpose of home visits on ladies who preferred to leave hospitals early after delivery was to ensure these ladies continued to receive medical and hygienic care required by the human body after birth. The concept is not as easy as it appears. There are quite a bit of things to get accustomed to for an enrolled nurse. The child bearing women have their own families and peculiarities and the enrolled nurse must get accustomed to the needs of the woman as well as others in the family. The nurse may attend to the needs of the woman alone. However, she must have communications adjustments with others in the family. The most important decision for the mother is the baby. The emotional and physical well being of the mother is directly related to the good health of the newly born baby. This period involves many changes and learning. It involves both parents and the adjustments they go through to make the baby feel welcome. First of all, the family must be aware of the visits. ... This period involves many changes and learning. It involves both parents and the adjustments they go through to make the baby feel welcome. First of all, the family must be aware of the visits. They must be told of the time when they could expect the visit, and how many people would be making the visit. In case there is someone accompanying the nurse, the family must be informed. The visits are professional and concern the health of the mother and the baby. Thus, the nurse and her companion, if any, will naturally be treated with respect. On her part, the nurse must make sure that she visits the family at the appointed time. Any delay must be informed on phone. Not all child bearing women are healthy. There may be cases where women have chronic ailments. There may be women with diabetes, blood pressure complications, viral fevers, and other health issues. The chances of diabetic pregnant women getting abortion increase with the degree of risk. This is because the healing process for infection and other wounds is much slower than that of a normal person (Hanif, Sadia). Then there may be women with normal health but there are relatives in the house who have their own peculiar nature that may not correspond with the disposition of the nurse. Yet, in spite of these drawbacks, the enrolled nurse must perform the visits and attend the medical needs of the women. Postnatal, the medical care of the women who have delivered remains similar to patients who continue in the hospital. Most probably, budget constraints make the women decide to return home earlier. The enrolled nurse will also check on any material in the house that may pose a threat to the mother or baby, such as sharp

Leaders in my field of education Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leaders in my field of education - Coursework Example For example, he personally taught all students how to plant trees, importance of planting trees, and how to take care of them. Then he gave all students a task of planting one tree each. Ever since, many students have made it their habit to regularly plant trees. â€Å"[L]eaders need to understand the phenomenon of leadership and learn effective ways of dealing with the chaos that surrounds them – to move forward, to achieve, to make progress – within and outside of their organizations† (Watt, 2009, p. 51); our middle school principal surely fits this definition. Time when leadership can be expressed more powerfully is the time of transition or crisis because these are the times when leadership is mostly absence and thus produces devastating results for an organization (Vogelsang, 2008, p. 3). Our middle school principal remained at the forefront and held himself responsible when our school’s team lost in the match with other schools. Indeed, he took some measures to coach our team better and now our team is performing much

Phonetics Case Essay Example for Free

Phonetics Case Essay Introduction The aim of this thesis is to give a systematic description of some aspects of English morphophonemic. The thesis falls into 2 chapters: The first chapter, which is an introduction, presents a short sketch of the title, the problem, the purpose of the study,phonological rules. The second chapter is devoted to some of the basic concepts required in the study of morphophonemic. It starts with various definitions of morpheme, allomorph. The thesis ends with some conclusions, a list of bibliography. Morphophonemic Analysis designates the analytic procedures whereby paradigms with phonological alternations are reduced to underlying representations and phonological rules. The term morphophonemic analysis has a now obscure origin. In the 1940s and 1950s, many phonologists worked with a theory in which (roughly) all neutralizing rules were assumed to apply before all allophonic rules. This in effect divided the phonology into two components: a neutralizing component, whose units were called morphophonemes, and a non-neutralizing component, which dealt with phonemes and allophones. This bifurcated-phonology theory is widely considered untenable today, but  morphophonemics remains a useful term for characterizing the study of neutralizing phonological rules as they apply in paradigms. When we conduct morphophonemic analysis, we seek to establish a connection between data and theory. The theory in question is that morphemes are stored in the lexicon in an invariant phonemic form, are strung together by morphological and syntactic rules, and are then converted to their surface forms by a sequence of phonological rules (often neutralizing), applied in a particular order. The purpose of morphophonemic analysis is to discover a set of underlying forms and ordered rules that are consistent with the data; and the payoff is that seemingly complex patterns are often reduced to simplicity. Morphophonemic analysis may be contrasted with phonemic analysis. Phonemic analysis is a more limited form of phonological analysis that seeks only to discover the non-neutralizing (allophonic) rules of the phonology. In phonemic analysis, only the distribution and similarity of the phones is examined. Therefore, the data need not be grouped in paradigms, but need only comprise a sufficiently large and representative set of words. Like phonemic analysis, morphophonemic analysis can be pursued with a systematic method. The main purpose of my work consists in making exact definition of a phoneme and allophone and be able to distinguish them. To understand what is morphophonemic?   Problems of my work are: morphophonemic and morphophonological rules, types of morphophonological changes, relation between phonology and morphophonology, isolation forms, rule ordering, morphophonology and orthography. Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of linguistics which studies the interaction between morphological and phonological or phonetic processes. Its chief focus is the sound changes that take place in morphemes (minimal meaningful units) when they combine to form words. Morphophonological analysis often involves an attempt to give a series of formal rules that successfully predict the regular sound changes occurring in the morphemes of a given language. Such a series of rules  converts a theoretical underlying representation into a surface form that is actually heard. The units of which the underlying representations of morphemes are composed are sometimes called morphophonemes. The surface form produced by the morphophonological rules may consist of phonemes (which are then subject to ordinary phonological rules to produce speech sounds or phones), or else the morphophonological analysis may bypass the phoneme stage and produce the phones itself. Morphop honemes and morphophonological rules When morphemes combine, they influence each others sound structure (whether analyzed at a phonetic or phonemic level), resulting in different variant pronunciations for the same morpheme. Morphophonology attempts to analyze these processes. A languages morphophonological structure is generally described with a series of rules which, ideally, can predict every morphophonological alternation that takes place in the language. An example of a morphophonological alternation in English is provided by the plural morpheme, written as -s or -es. Its pronunciation alternates between [s], [z], and [É ªz], as in cats, dogs, and horses respectively. A purely phonological analysis would most likely assign to these three endings the phonemic representations /s/, /z/, /É ªz/. On a morphophonological level, however, they may all be considered to be forms of the underlying object //z//, which is a morphophoneme. The different forms it takes are dependent on the segment at the end of the morpheme to which it attaches – these dependencies are described by morphophonological rules. (The behaviour of the English past tense ending -ed is similar – it can be pronounced [t], [d] or [É ªd], as in hoped, bobbed and added.) Note that the plural suffix -s can also influence the form taken by the preceding morpheme, as in the case of the words leaf and knife, which end with [f] in the singular, but have [v] in the plural (leaves, knives). On a morphophonological level these morphemes may be analyzed as ending in a morphophoneme //F//, which becomes voiced when a voiced consonant (in this case the //z// of the plural ending) is attached to it. This rule may be written symbolically as: /F/ - [ÃŽ ±voice] / __ [ÃŽ ±voice]. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pipes (| |) are often used to indicate a morphophonemic rather than phonemic representation. Another common convention is double slashes (// //), as  above, implying that the transcription is more phonemic than simply phonemic. Other conventions sometimes seen are double pipes (|| ||) and curly brackets ({ }). Types of morphophonological changes Inflected and agglutinating languages may have extremely complicated systems of morphophonemics. Examples of complex morphophonological systems include: 1. Sandhi, the phenomenon behind the English examples of plural and past tense above, is found in virtually all languages to some degree. Even Mandarin, which is sometimes said to display no morphology, nonetheless displays tone sandhi, a morphophonemic alternation. 2. Consonant gradation, found in some Uralic languages such as Finnish, Estonian, Northern Sà ¡mi, and Nganasan. 3. Vowel harmony, which occurs in varying degrees in languages all around the world, notably Turkic languages. 3. Ablaut, found in English and other Germanic languages. Ablaut is the phenomenon wherein stem vowels change form depending on context, as in English sing, sang, sung. Relation between phonology and morphophonology Until the 1950s, many phonologists assumed that neutralizing rules generally applied before allophonic rules. Thus phonological analysis was split into two parts: a morphophonological part, where neutralizing rules were developed to derive phonemes from morphophonemes; and a purely phonological part, where phones were derived from the phonemes. Since the 1960s (in particular with the work of the generative school, such as Chomsky and Halles The Sound Pattern of English) many linguists have moved away from making such a split, instead regarding the surface phones as being derived from the underlying morphophonemes (which may be referred to using various terminology) through a single system of (morpho)phonological rules. The purpose of both phonemic and morphophonemic analysis is to produce simpler underlying descriptions for what appear on the surface to be complicated patterns. In purely phonemic analysis the data is just a set of words in a language, while for the purposes of morphophonemic analysis the words must be considered in grammatical paradigms to take account of the underlying morphemes. It is postulated that morphemes are recorded in the speakers lexicon in an invariant (morphophonemic) form, which, in a given environment, is converted by rules into a surface form. The analyst attempts  to present as completely as possible a system of underlying units (morphophonemes) and a series of rules that act on them, so as to produce surface forms consistent with the linguistic data. Isolation forms The isolation form of a morpheme is the form in which that morpheme appears in isolation (when not subject to the effects of any other morpheme). In the case of a bound morpheme, such as the English past tense ending -ed, it will generally not be possible to identify an isolation form, since such a morpheme does not occur in isolation. It is often reasonable to assume that the isolation form of a morpheme provides its underlying representation. For example, in some American English, plant is pronounced [plà ¦nt], while planting is [ˈplà ¦nÉ ªÃ…‹], where the morpheme plant- appears in the form [plà ¦n]. Here the underlying form can be assumed to be //plà ¦nt//, corresponding to the isolation form, since rules can be set up to derive the reduced form [plà ¦n] from this (while it would be difficult or impossible to set up rules that would derive the isolation form [plà ¦nt] from an underlying //plà ¦n//). This is not always the case, however; sometimes the isolation form itself is subject to neutralization that does not apply to some other instances of the morpheme. For example, the French word petit (small) is pronounced in isolation without the final [t] sound, although in certain derived forms (such as the feminine petite) the [t] is heard. If the isolation form were adopted as the underlying form, the information that there is a final t would be lost, and it would be hard to explain the appearance of the t in the inflected forms. Rule ordering Morphophonological rules are generally considered to apply in a set order. This means that the application of one rule may sometimes either prevent or enable the application of another rule provided the rules are appropriately ordered. If the ordering of two rules is such that the application of the first rule can have the effect of making it possible to apply the second, then the rules are said to be in feeding order. For example, if a language has an apocope rule (A) which deletes a final vowel, and a cluster reduction rule (CR) that reduces a final consonant cluster, then the rules are in feeding order if A precedes CR, since the application of A can enable application of CR (for example, a word ending /-rpa/ is not itself subject  to CR, since the consonant cluster is not final, but if A is applied to it first, leaving /-rp/, then CR can apply). Here rule A is said to feed rule CR. If the rules are ordered such as to avoid possible feeding (in this case, if CR applies before A) then they are said to be in counter-feeding order. On the other hand, if rules are ordered such that the application of the first rule can have the effect of preventing application of the second, then the rules are said to be in bleeding order. For example, if a language has an epenthesis rule (E) that inserts a /w/ before certain vowels, and a vowel deletion rule (D) that deletes one of two consecutive vowels, then the rules are in bleeding order if E precedes D, since the application of E can prevent application of D (for example, a word containing /-iu-/ would be subject to D, but if E is applied to it first, leaving /-iwu-/, then D can no longer apply). Here rule E is said to bleed rule D. If the rules are ordered such as to avoid possible bleeding (in this case, if D applies before E) then they are said to be in counter-bleeding order. The terminology of feeding and bleeding is also applied to other linguistic rules, such as those of historical sound changes. Morphophonology and orthography The principle behind alphabetic writing systems is that the letters (graphemes) represent phonemes. However in many orthographies based on such systems the correspondences between graphemes and phonemes are not exact, and it is sometimes the case that certain spellings better represent a words morphophonological structure rather than the purely phonological. An example of this is that the English plural morpheme is written -s regardless of whether it is pronounced as /s/ or /z/; we write cats and dogs, not dogz. The above example involves active morphology (inflection), and morphophonemic spellings are common in this context in many languages. Another type of spelling that can be described as morphophonemic is the kind that reflects the etymology of words. Such spellings are particularly common in English; examples include science /saÉ ª/ vs. unconscious /ÊÆ'/, prejudice /prÉ›/ vs. prequel /priË /, sign /saÉ ªn/ signature /sÉ ªÃ‰ ¡n/, nation /neÉ ª/ vs. nationalism /nà ¦/, and special /spÉ›/ vs. species /spiË /. Conclusions according to this chapter Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of linguistics which studies: 1. The phonological structure of morphemes. 2. The combinatory phonic modifications of morphemes which happen when they are combined. 3. The alternative series which serve a morphological function. Examples of a morphophonological alternatives in English include these distinctions: Plurals -es and -s, as in bus, buses, vs. bun, buns. Plural of -f is -ves, as in leaf, leaves. Different pronunciations for the past tense marker -ed. English, having lost its inflection, does not have much morphophonology. Inflected and agglutinating languages may have extremely complicated systems, e.g., consonant gradation. A morphophonemic rule has the form of a phonological rule, but is restricted to a particular morphological environment. Morphophonemic rules are sensitive to their environment, unlike phonological rules. Whenever morphological information is required to specify the environment for an allophonic rule, the rule is morphophonemic. The prefix /in-/ has the allomorphs [il] and [ir]: /in-/ + responsible irresponsible /in-/ + logical illogical Therefore, there must be a morphophonemic rule which determines the allomorphs [il] and [ir] of the prefix /in-/. The purpose of both phonemic and morphophonemic analysis is to produce simpler underlying descriptions for what appear on the surface to be complicated patterns. When morphemes are clustered or grouped in words than changes in the phonological structures of these words occur. Such changes are called morphophonemic changes. Assuming that we allow phonological rules to apply in sequence, we can cycle through them using the output of the first rule as the input to the second. For many cases in the data set, at most one phonological rule introduces a structural change. But in cog, tail, or comb we see a single derivation that involves both rules. Furthermore, such cases are not rare in English. Any word that begins with a voiceless stop and contains a vowel that precedes a voiced consonant will require the application of both rules. We use cog as an illustrative example: Allophone Central to the concept of the phoneme is the idea that it may be pronounced in many different ways. In English (BBC pronunciation) we take it for granted that the r sounds in ‘ray’ and ‘tray’ are â€Å"the same sound† (i.e. the same phoneme), but in reality the two sounds are very different – the r in ‘ray’ is voiced and non-fricative, while the r sound in ‘tray’ is voiceless and fricative. In phonemic transcription we use the same symbol r for both, but we know that the allophones of r include the voiced nonfricative sound É ¹ and the voiceless fricative one . In theory a phoneme can have an infinite number of allophones, but in practice for descriptive purposes we tend to concentrate on a small number that occur most regularly. Phoneme This is the fundamental unit of phonology, which has been defined and used in many different ways. Virtually all theories of phonology hold that spoken language can be broken down into a string of sound units (phonemes), and that each language has a small, relatively fixed set of these phonemes. Most phonemes can be put into groups; for example, in English we can identify a group of plosive phonemes p, t, k, b, d a group of voiceless fricatives f, ÃŽ ¸, s, ÊÆ', h, and so on. An important question in phoneme theory is how the analyst can establish what the phonemes of a language are. The most widely accepted view is that phonemes are contrastive and one must find cases where the difference between two words is dependent on the difference between two phonemes: for example, we can prove that the difference between ‘pin’ and ‘pan’ depends on the vowel and that i and are different phonemes. Pairs of words that differ in just one phoneme are known as minimal pairs. We can establish the same fact about p and b by citing ‘pin’ and ‘bin’. Of course, you can only start doing commutation tests like this when you have a provisional list of possible phonemes to test, so some basic phonetic analysis must precede this stage. Other fundamental concepts used in phonemic analysis of this sort are complementary distribution, free variation, distinctive feature and allophone. Different analyses of a language are possible: in the case of English some phonologists claim that there are only six vowel phonemes, others that there are twenty or more (it depends on whether you count diphthongs and long vowels as single phonemes or as combinations of two phonemes). It used to be said that learning the  pronunciation of a language depended on learning the individual phonemes of the language, but this â€Å"building-block† view of pronunciation is looked on no wadays as an unhelpful oversimplification. Phonemics When the importance of the phoneme became widely accepted, in the 1930s and 40s, many attempts were made to develop scientific ways of establishing the phonemes of a language and listing each phoneme’s allophones; this was known as phonemics. Nowadays little importance is given to this type of analysis, and it is considered a minor branch of phonology, except for the practical purpose of devising writing systems for previously unwritten languages. Conclusion: An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. A phone is one of many possible sounds in the languages of the world. Phonemics a branch of linguistic analysis involving the study of phonemes, the structure of a language in terms of phonemes. General conclusion Morphophonemics, in linguistics, study of the relationship between morphology and phonology. Morphophonemics involves an investigation of the phonological variations within morphemes, usually marking different grammatical functions; e.g., the vowel changes in â€Å"sleep† and â€Å"slept,† â€Å"bind† and â€Å"bound,† â€Å"vain† and â€Å"vanity,† and the consonant alternations in â€Å"knife† and â€Å"knives,† â€Å"loaf† and â€Å"loaves.† The ways in which the morphemes of a language are variously represented by phonemic shapes can be regarded as a kind of code. This code is the morphophonemic system of the language. The morphophonemics of English is never so simple. There are always many instances of two or more morphemes represented by the same phonemic shape, and there are always cases in which a single morpheme is represented now by one phonemic shape, now by another. Therefore the morphophonemics of English is never trivial. Literature: 1. Hayes, Bruce (2009). Morphophonemic Analysis Introductory Phonology, pp. 161–185. Blackwell. 2. R. Jakobson, C. G. Fant, and M. Halle, Preliminaries to Speech Analysis, Fundamentals of Language (Mouton and Company, The Hague, 1956). 3. P. Roach (2004). â€Å"English Phonetics and Phonology†, Cambridge. 4. www.wikipedia.ru 5. www.sil.org 6. www.msu.edu

Controller Area Network Sensors: Applications in Automobiles

Controller Area Network Sensors: Applications in Automobiles 1: Introduction In this paper an overview on the Controller area network sensors and their real world application in the automobiles is presented to the reader. The fact that controller area networks employ various sensors and actuators to monitor the overall performance of a car (K.H. Johansson et al, 2001[1]), this paper focuses only on the sensors and their role in supporting the CAN performance. 2: Laser Speed Velocimetry (LSV) sensor The application of this sensor is present in the Reanult range of vehicles where the company is incorporating the LSV as an on-board sensor to measure ground speed with better than 0.1km/h accuracy (LM Info, 2006[2]). The LSV technology is an approach to measure ground speed of a moving automobile with greater accuracy thus ensuring better on the road performance as argued by K.H. Johansson et al (2001). The purpose of the technology is to measure real-time speed of an automobile at accuracy level of 0.1km/h.The technology behind the LSV system comprises of the sensor that continuously records the interference with the motion surface that is fed back to the controller in the system that measures the speed of the car. The diagram in fig 1 below explains the aforementioned effectively. The above is the schematic representation of the mounting of the LSV 065 sensor head (Source: www.polytech.com). The above diagram further clarifies that the use of the LSV system not only provides an effective and accurate measurement of the speed but also proves that the use of this system can provide an effective control over the performance and over the velocity of an automobile. The LSV systems from Polytech, the schematic for which was presented in this section â€Å"combine a sensor head, a controller and software into a rugged industrial package that makes precision measurements from standstill to speeds of more than 7,200 m/min in either direction† (LM INFOR Special Issue, 2006). 2: Braking System sensors and Speed sensors The ABS system utilizes multiple sensors to prevent the wheels from locking whilst braking at high speeds. The main sensors used in this set-up are 2.1: Speed sensor The speed sensor is the sensor that is fitted to each wheel of the automobile. The purpose of the sensor is to identify the wheel slip whilst braking which is then fed back to the ABS controller unit to control. The speed sensor records the speed of the rotation of the wheel and when one or more of the wheels are recorded to be rotating at a considerably lower speed then the ABS control unit reduces the pressure on the pressure valves thus ensuring that the braking does not lock the wheel. The speed sensor equipment comprises of various models and can be mounted on different positions of an automobile in facilitating the measurement of the speed. The application of the speed sensor in the ABS is one of the many applications of speed measurement. The ECM method of measuring the speed using speed sensors is increasingly popular as part of the ABS technology. It is also argued as the later version of ABS that overcomes the fundamental sensor positioning related flaws in the ABS system. The ECM uses the Pulse Code Modulation technique to communicate with the sensor and the control system of the Controller Area Network of the automobile. From the figure above it is clear that the ECM plays a critical role as the controller to capture the sensor signals and transmit to the master controller area network Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for overall control of the automobile. It is also evident that the sensor plays a vital role in the speed measurement and efficient operation of the ABS braking system. The fundamental difference between the VSS and the WSS is that the VSS is part of the controller area network and is connected directly to the ECU of the network whilst the WSS feeds into the ABS controller unit that is connected to the CAN of the car or automobile under consideration. The VSS is also a successful and flexible method for motorbikes and other two-wheeled vehicles as the mounting is simpler compared to the WSS mounting for ABS system that is popular in a car. The cases of VSS mounted in transaxle and the transmission serve effectively for the purpose of velocity measurement and also provides near accurate readings for the efficient speed control by the driver of the car or the rider of the bike. In the case of the VSS mounted in the transmission, the sensor sends a 4 pulse signal at regular intervals to the combination meter that then sends the signal to the ECU of the CAN in the car. The signal so sent is recorded as the speed and shown to the driver as the velocity of the car. This approach is more accurate to the traditional analogue approach to the speed measurement and management. The above schematic makes it clear that although the mounting of the sensor on the transaxle provides an efficient method of measuring velocity, the response of the sensor can be damaged due to the mechanical wear and tear that is directly associated with the transaxle in a car. The VSS mounted in the transmission is perceived to have resolved the issue through the mounting of the sensor near the core rotor and using a magnetic field to hold the sensor in position. This approach agreed to the more effective compared to the former where the mechanical wear and tear was a critical drawback to the overall performance of the system. The schematic mounting of the VSS in the transmission is presented in the fig 4 below. The above mounting schematic in the figure further justifies that the positioning of the sensor by the rotor will help measure the speed effectively and more accurately 3: Differential Hall effect Sensors Daniel Dwyer (2007)[3] argues that the differential Hall effect sensors are not only capable of accurately measuring speed but also providing the safety measures through effectively controlling the speed. The hall effect sensors utilize the fundamental principle behind the Hall Effect which is described as follows â€Å"When a bias voltage is applied to the silicon plate via two current contacts, an electric field is created and a current is forced.† †¦ Daniel Dwyer (2007). This principle is utilized in the gear tooth profiling and speed measurement through the gear tooth sensing both in the linear and the differential cases. The differential case is argued as a more successful element especially in case of the automatic transmission automobiles because of the need to effectively control the speed associated with the car. Another interesting element with the differential Hall-effect sensors is the fact that the sensor positioning is robust in nature and its wear and tear is minimal. The differential element sensing that is the key for the differential Hall effect sensors utilizes the fundamental Hall effect. Alongside the sensor also â€Å"eliminates the undesired effects of the back-biased field through the process of subtraction.† (Daniel Dwyer (2007). The differential baseline field for the sensor is made close to zero gauss since each of the two Hall elements in on the IC (the sensor) approximately see the same back-biased field as argued by Daniel Dwyer (2007). A schematic representation of the differential element sensing is presented in fig 5 below. The major feature of the Differential Hall effect sensor is the production in the form of an integrated circuit that can respond to the magnetic field interference and differential effects due to the change in speed and the gear tooth positioning in the magnetic field. The differential element sensing and the speed measurement is accomplished through the overall peak holding of the Integrated Circuit (IC) in the field. Although the traditional peak-detecting scheme could resolve the issue of peak holding, the sensor requires an external capacitor for peak holding in order to effectively control the overall automobile speed. Since a large gain is required to generate a signal strong enough to overcome the air gap in the case of the hall effect sensor especially in the drawbacks associated with the timing accuracy and duty cycle performance in the slope of the magnetic signal strength as argued by Daniel Dwyer (2007). From the above arguments it is clear that the Hall effect sensor is a successful but expensive sensor to perform measurements and be programmed as part of the overall CAN of the automobile. Thus to conclude the research in this paper the four sensors that were discussed include The Laser Speed Velocimetry (LSV) sensor and an insight on the LSV 065 module as an example. This sensor proves to be successful and accurate speed measurement equipment but the mounting and safety related elements pose a big drawback for its commercial application. The Wheel speed sensor for the ABS in an automobile was then discussed followed by the analysis of the Velocity Speed Sensor. Finally the Differential Hall Effect sensor was discussed in the research paper. This sensor on the other hand can be mounted easily in an automobile and can perform effectively to provide accurate measurements but has higher cost liability and maintenance requirements making it a secondary choice to the traditional VSS And WSS sensors used in most of the cars. Footnotes [1] K.H. Johansson et al, (2001), Vehicle Applications of Controller Area Network, ARTIST2 Network of Excellence on Embedded Systems Design, [2] LM: INFO (2006), Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A [3] Daniel Dwyer (2007), Differential Hall-effect sensors aid rotational speed control, Allegro MicroSystems, Inc